functional rhinoplasty is nasal surgery focused on improving breathing by correcting structural causes of airflow blockage. It reshapes or supports internal and/or external nasal structures that contribute to nasal obstruction. It is commonly performed in reconstructive and ENT-adjacent care, and it may be combined with cosmetic rhinoplasty. The goal is better nasal function; appearance changes may occur and can be planned when appropriate.

turbinoplasty is a surgical procedure that reduces the size of one or more nasal turbinates to improve airflow through the nose. The turbinates are soft tissue structures inside the nasal cavity that help warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air. turbinoplasty is most commonly performed for functional breathing concerns, sometimes alongside septoplasty or rhinoplasty. It is primarily reconstructive/functional rather than cosmetic, but it can support overall nasal function in facial plastic surgery care.

A columellar strut is a small structural graft placed in the columella, the strip of tissue between the nostrils. It is most commonly made of cartilage and used to support and stabilize the nasal tip. It is used in cosmetic rhinoplasty, reconstructive rhinoplasty, or both. Its goal is typically to improve tip support and shape while helping maintain alignment over time.

A spreader graft is a thin strip of cartilage placed in the middle “vault” of the nose. It is positioned between the septum (center wall) and the upper lateral cartilages (side supports). It is used to support nasal structure and to help widen a key breathing area called the internal nasal valve. It is commonly used in both cosmetic rhinoplasty and reconstructive/functional nasal surgery.

A cartilage graft is a piece of cartilage used to support, reshape, or rebuild body structures. It is most commonly placed during surgical procedures, not office-based “non-surgical” treatments. It is used in both cosmetic surgery (to refine appearance) and reconstructive surgery (to restore form and function). In plastic surgery, it is frequently associated with nasal and ear procedures.

An osteotomy is a surgical cut made in a bone to change its shape, position, or alignment. It is used to correct deformity, improve symmetry, or restore function by repositioning bone segments. In cosmetic and plastic surgery, osteotomy commonly refers to controlled bone cuts in the face (such as the nose, jaw, or chin). It is also widely used in reconstructive surgery after trauma, congenital differences, or prior surgery.

dorsal hump reduction is a procedure to decrease a visible “bump” along the bridge (dorsum) of the nose. It reshapes bone and/or cartilage to create a smoother nasal profile. It is most commonly performed in cosmetic rhinoplasty, and it may also be used in reconstructive rhinoplasty. The goal is typically to refine contour while preserving or improving nasal structure and airflow when relevant.

alar base reduction is a surgical technique that narrows the width of the nostril base (the outer “wings” of the nose, called the alae). It typically reduces nostril flaring or excessive width at the base when viewed from the front. It is most commonly performed in cosmetic rhinoplasty, but it can also be used in reconstructive settings. The goal is to refine proportions while preserving natural-looking nostril shape and airflow.

tip plasty is a surgical procedure that reshapes the tip of the nose. It focuses on the lower third of the nose, especially the cartilage that forms tip definition. It is commonly performed for cosmetic goals such as refinement and symmetry. It can also be used in reconstructive contexts to improve support and nasal airflow when tip structure is involved.

septorhinoplasty is an operation that combines septoplasty (septum surgery) with rhinoplasty (nasal shape surgery). It aims to improve nasal breathing and/or nasal appearance in a single procedure. It is used in both cosmetic and reconstructive plastic surgery. The exact plan is customized to nasal anatomy, goals, and clinical findings.

septoplasty is a surgical procedure that straightens or repositions the nasal septum (the wall between the nostrils). It is primarily performed to improve nasal airflow and breathing function. It can be done alone or combined with other nasal procedures, including cosmetic rhinoplasty or reconstructive surgery. The goal is structural correction inside the nose rather than changing the external appearance, although appearance may change in combined cases.

closed rhinoplasty is a surgical rhinoplasty technique performed through incisions inside the nostrils. It aims to change nasal shape and, in some cases, nasal function without an external columellar (between-the-nostrils) incision. It is used in cosmetic rhinoplasty and can also be used in reconstructive or functional cases. The approach provides internal access to nasal bone and cartilage for reshaping and support.

open rhinoplasty is a surgical approach to reshaping the nose using a small external incision at the columella (the skin between the nostrils). It allows the surgeon to lift the nasal skin and directly view the underlying cartilage and bone. It is commonly used in cosmetic rhinoplasty, reconstructive rhinoplasty, and combined functional–cosmetic cases. It is one of the two main surgical approaches to rhinoplasty, alongside the closed (endonasal) approach.

rhinoplasty is a procedure that changes the shape and/or function of the nose. It can be performed for cosmetic goals, breathing improvement, or both. It may also be used to reconstruct the nose after injury, cancer treatment, or congenital differences.

A venous leg ulcer is an open sore on the lower leg caused by problems with blood returning through the leg veins. It most often appears around the ankle and can be slow to heal without addressing underlying venous disease. It is primarily a reconstructive and wound-care issue, but it can also affect appearance due to skin changes and scarring. The term is used in clinical medicine, dermatology, vascular care, and plastic/reconstructive surgery.

A diabetic foot ulcer is an open sore or wound on the foot that occurs in a person with diabetes. It most often develops in areas of pressure, friction, or minor trauma, especially when protective sensation is reduced. It is used in reconstructive and limb-salvage care because it can affect walking, skin integrity, and infection risk. It may also intersect with plastic surgery when advanced wound closure, skin grafting, or flap reconstruction is needed.

A pressure ulcer is a localized injury to skin and underlying tissue caused by sustained pressure, often combined with shear (sliding forces). It most commonly develops over bony areas such as the sacrum, heels, hips, and elbows. It is primarily a reconstructive and wound-care concern, but it also matters in cosmetic and plastic surgery because positioning and recovery can affect skin integrity. Clinicians use the term in hospitals, long-term care, and surgical settings to describe a preventable, clinically significant wound complication.

venous insufficiency is a condition where leg veins have difficulty sending blood back to the heart. It commonly happens when vein valves become weak or damaged, allowing blood to pool in the legs. It is discussed in both cosmetic care (visible veins, swelling, skin changes) and reconstructive/wound care (venous ulcers). It can range from mild, appearance-focused concerns to chronic disease affecting skin health and function.

spider veins are small, visible blood vessels close to the skin surface that look red, purple, or blue. They are a form of superficial telangiectasia (tiny dilated vessels) and often appear in web-like patterns. They are most commonly noticed on the legs and face and are frequently a cosmetic concern. In some cases, they can be a clinical clue that prompts evaluation for underlying venous disease.

varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that sit close to the skin surface. They most often appear in the legs because leg veins work against gravity. They form when vein valves do not direct blood efficiently back toward the heart. In cosmetic and reconstructive care, they are discussed for both appearance concerns and symptom-related treatment.